Both / Neither / Either

both [+]
They both have red hair
Both the mother and the son have red hair
Both of them have red hair

neither [-]
Neither the father nor the son wears glasses
Neither of them wears glasses

either [+]
They look either Spanish or Mexican
either [-]
She doesn't really look like either her mother or her father

Reflexive pronouns

Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

USE
- the verb object is the same as the subject [1]
- emphasis [2]
- alone (by + pronoun) [3]

IE
[1] I cut myself
[2] he built the house himself (with no help)
[3] I live by myself

Enjoy

USE
- enjoy needs a reflexive pronoun or another object

IE
We enjouyd ourselves
We enjoyed the film
We enjoyed

Each other

USE
- A does an action to B and B does the same action to A

IE
They phone each other
They love each other

Future

Present Continuous

USE
- Future plans

IE
I'm having dinner with some friends this evening
I'm going to have dinner with some friends this evening

Going to

USE
- Future plans [1]
- Future result from evidence [2]

IE
[1] I'm going to the party tonight
[2] Look at that child. She's going to fall!

Will

USE
- Predictions (w/o evidence) [1]
- Spontaneous decisions [2]
- Promises [3]
- Offers [4]
- 1st conditional [5]
- Clauses of time
- Facts [7]


IE
[1] I think Ruth will pass her exams without much difficulty
[2] Todays is Ann's birthday. I'll phone her now
[3] I won't do it again
[4] I'm thirsty / I'll get you a drink from that bar
[5] If it is nice we will go out for a walk
[6]When I see John I will tell him you've been here
[7] In the year 2020 there won't be enough food for everybody

Past Perfect

Past Perfect

USE
- past action before another past action [1]
- before a specific time in the past [2]

IE
[+] He had painted the room..
[-] I had not painted the room..
[?] Had I painted the room.. ?

[1] After he had done the homework he watched TV
[1] I had painted the room when she came in
[2] Yesterday by 9 o'clock I had finished my homework

COMMON WORDS
- by, by the time, before, after, just, when

COMPARISON

Present Simple - Present Perfect
IE: Her sister is not at home now. She has gone to school

Past Simple - Past Perfect
Her sister was not at home yesterday. She had gone to school

Past Simple / Past Continuous

Past Simple

USE
- a complet action in the past

IE
[+] He watched TV yesterday
[-] He didn't watch TV yesterday
[?] Did he watch TV yesterday?

COMMON WORDS
- yesterday, ago, last

Past Continuous

USE
- past action interrupted [1]
- actions happening at the same time [2]
- to show what was happening at a specific moment in the past [3]

IE
[+] He was watching TV
[-] He wasn't watching TV
[?] Was he watching TV?

[1] I was reading a book when the telephone rang
[2] While Peter was playing footall, Jane was playing basketball
[3] I was listening to music at 7 o'clock

COMMON WORDS
- while, as
- specific time

Present Simple / Present Continuous

Present Simple

USE
- regular habits
- always true
- stative verbs

IE
[+] He plays
[-] He doesn't play
[?] Does he play?

COMMON WORDS
- adverbs of frequency

Present Continuous

USE
- things that are happening now
- future arrangements

IE
[+] He is playing
[-] He is not playing
[?] Is he playing?

So do I / Neither do I / Me too / Me neither

General verbs

Present [+]: I like playing
[agree] So do I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I don't

Present [-]: I don't like playing
[agree] Neither do I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I do

Past [+]: I liked playing
[agree] So did I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I didn't

Past [-]: I didn't like playing
[agree] Neither did I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I did

Model verbs

Present [+]: I am hungry
[agree] So am I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I am not

Present [-]: I am not hungry
[agree] Neither am I / Ne neither
[disagree] Oh, I am

Past [+]: I was hungry
[agree] So was I / Me Too
[disagree] Oh, I was not

Past [-]: I was not hungry
[agree] Neither was I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I was

Present [+]: I have got a dog
[agree] So have I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I haven't

Present [-]: I have got a dog
[agree] Neither have I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I have

Present [+]: I can play the guitar
[agree] So can I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I can't

Present [-]: I can't play the guitar
[agree] Neither can I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I can

Stative Verbs

Stative verbs

- only go in the present simple form (NO continuous)

love, like, enjoy, hate, prefer, want
think, remember, doubt, understand, know, believe
own
appear, be, belong to
have (possesion)
included, need
see, seem, taste
agree, depend, hear, matter, mean, need, realize, suppose, recognize, contain, forget

Stative and dynamic verbs

- with a different meaning

be, have, feel, love, see, smell, think

IE
I have a car (state verb)
I'm having a good time (dynamic verb)

I think Sarah is not telling the truth (state verb)
I'm thiking (considering) of going on holiday (dynamic verb)