Pronunciation

although /aldoug/

soup /suup/
soap /soup/

lettuce /letas/
vegetables /vechtabols/
stew /stiu/

etc /etcetra/

both /bouz/

interesting /interesting/

wouldn't /wuden/

often /ofen/ /often/

European /iuropian/
Turkey /toorki/
Australia /ostreilia/
New Zeland /niu ziiland/

desert /desert/
dessert /disert/

recipe /resipi/
receipt /resip/

obese /obiis/

neither /nider/ /naither/

failure /feiliar/

1/3 - one third / a third
100 -  a hundred
1,200 - twelve hundred

genre /yanra/

luggage /lagach/

independent /indiPENdent/

foreigners /foreiners/

phrasals and more

sweeping off
I'm the girl that's sweeping you off your feet - elevar (metafóricamente)

I'm bad at -ing
I'm good at -ing

to be in a hurry
hurry up!

little money - poco dinero

on your marks, get set, go! (sports)
ready, steady, go! (general)

take it easy - calm down

I went blank - Quedarse en blanco

to go sightseeing - hacer turismo (a ver cosas)

score: 3-0 - three to nil

fulfil - quedar lleno

to tidy up - ordenar

to be nuts - estar loco

to take the plunge - dar el paso / dar el salto
to plunge - zambullirse

to set up st - preparar
hang on! - wait!

to ran into sb - to bumped into sb - meeting sb by chance
to came across sb/st - meeting sb/st by chance
by chance - de casualidad

point blank - rotundamente / a bocajarro, a quemarropa

to be upset - to be angry

bless their hearts - pobrecitos (benditos sean)

to die hard (habits) - que cuesta de quitar

to give a try - dar una oportunidad

to take sb for granted - subestimar a alguien

to come along - to happen

to let sb down - to disappoint sb

it will work out! - funcionará, saldrá bien

look like = take after (Who do you take after in your family)

look after = take care of

mind your own business! - métete en tus asuntos!
can't mind my own business! - no te metas en mis asuntos! ???

to ... V+O
in order to ... V+O
so as to ... V+O
to that ... S+V+O
(I study to pass the exam)
(I study to that I can pass the exam)

to oil up - engrasar / lubricar

to points out - afirmar, señalar, hacer notar

to do up - abrochar
to do up (the button of) your screen

take advantage of st - sacar provecho

to be aware / to be mindful - ser consciente (to be aware of the risks)

to turn a lot of heads - llamar la atención??

a hundred or so - unos 100

near / nearby - ?


I did it by myself - lo hago yo
I had it done by professionals - lo hacen otros (HAD)


on the point - a punto de

nouns

degree - carrera de estudios
career - carrera profesional

swimming - "el nadar"
swimming in the sea makes me feel great

headings - titulares

type, kind, sort
this sort of things

earl - conde
monk - monje

disease - serious illness

carpeted floor - moqueta

pavement - arcén
motorway, highway - autopista, autovía
toll road - autopista de peaje

row (remo)
rowing (sport)

the summit of the mountain - la cima
the peak - la cima

cycle lane - carril bici

bus - bus urbano
coach - bus interurbano

tracksuit - chandal
court / pitch / pool / track / circuite / course / slope

the loss - la pérdida

demonstration - manifestación

dipers - pañales

yard - patio
chores - tareas
overnight guests - invitados que se quedan a dormir

life buoy - salvavidas
buoy - boya

surplus - exceso, excedente, superávit
left-overs - sobras

litter - rubbish
litter bin - papelera / cubo de la basura

goods - artículos, mercancias, bienes

AD (anno domini: el año del Señor) = BC (before Christ) = DC (después de Cristo)

retailer - minorista

villa - chalet

bride - novia
groom - novio
bridemaids - damas de honor
bridemaid of honor - dama de honor principal
the best man - padrino


bowel - intestino
IBS - Irritable Bowel Syndrome

baptism - christening - bautizo

the big deal - el problema

venue - local, recinto (concietos, celebraciones)

suburbs - zona lujosa a las afueras
poor area - suburbio

roundabout - rotonda

scolarship - beca

breed - raza (de perro)

I cook dishes

extravagant - derrochador

:   colon
;   semicolon
,   comma
.   full stop
-  hyphen

sunset / sunrise

plot of land - parcela, terreno

couch - sofa

work - uncountable
job - countable

neckline - escote

halter (dress, jersey, top..) - sin mangas, espalda al aire

oinment - pomada

the play - la obra (teatro)

patch - parche / mancha / pegote

inferiority complex - complejo de inferioridad

singer-sinwriter - canta-autor

pan / frying pan - sartén
saucepan - cazo, cacerola

cleaning lady - señora de la limpieza
housekeeper - ama de llaves

shift - turno
(night shift, morning shift, breakfast shift..)

farewell - despedida

reliable - trustworthy

goods - mercancías

caroussel - cinta aeropuerto
assembly line - cinta de montaje (industria)

jumper - pullover

blind - ciego
the blinds - persianas

courtship - cortejo

grimace - mueca

fellow

close friends < > aquaintance - conocido

gender - sexo

rope > cord > string

crack - grieta

crane - grúa

dummy / pacifier - chupete

wit - ingenio / agudeza / talento

a day's work - la faena de un dia

light - mechero

verbs

to spend time on the Internet - pasar tiempo en Internet
to surft the Internet - navegar

cut out on - remove completly
cut down on something - reduce the amount of something

to honk - use a car horn

to sweep the floor - barrer

tangled up in me - enganchado a mi

I like you. - Me gustas tu.
you like me. - Te gusto yo.
who do you like? - quién te gusta?
who likes you? - a quién le gustas?

I like cooking
I like to cook

enjoy + ING
love / like / hate + ING
love / like / hate + to INF

I lie to you
you lie to me

I forgot to notice you. - subject: I
did I forget to notice you? - subject: I
who forgot to notice you? - subject: who

looking forward - desear
looking for - buscar
looking after - cuidar
are you looking forward to your holiday?
are you looking forward to ING?

to get on well with sb
I get on really well with my parents - good relation

earn money
win a prize

to spoil - estropear, echar a perder

to cheer sb up - animar

search for
look for

I don't worry about.. - No me preocupa..

write, writing, written

ski - skiing
lie - lying

it depends on
I talk on

they are having dinner - estar comiendo

According to Oxford Grammar, both are correct:
I feel hungry
I'm feeling hungry

to be fed up - estar harto

to have got: antes se usaba siempre para 'posesión', pero actualmente basta con to have

doubling consonants
CVC: rob, get, sit, cut, put
others: swim, stop, shop, plan, begin

vegetables grow
people grow up

Freeze! - US: Quieto!

?
to give in / out
hand in / out
in: el sujeto lo recibe
out: el sujeto lo dá

I don't think I need ...
I think I don't need ...

to beat - vencer, dar una paliza

injured - lesionado (sports), herido (accident)

can't stand - no poder soportar

to retire - jubilarse
retirement - jubilación

whistle - silbar, silbato

comeback - retorno

to faint - desmayarse

pariticapte in races
take part in races

to soar - remontarse, elevarse

to tap - golpear suavemente
to spank - azotar
a spanking  - azote

to focus - centrarse

to drop st - dejar

to fall asleep - quedarse dormido / conciliar el sueño

to knit - hacer punto / hacer ganchillo

to get sacked - to fire

to mistaken - confundir
(I've mistaken you with another person)

to dissipate - disipar

to value - valorar, apreciar, estimar
to rub - frotar

to perform - actuar

to hate - odiar
to despise - despreciar

to overcook - cocinar demasiado, muy hecho, quemado
to overuse - usar demasiado

to treasure - valorar

to trust = to relay on
(Don't trust Peter)
(Don't rely on Peter)

to spill / spilt / spilt - derramar

to be held - to take place

to write down - anotar

to tick / ticked - marcar

to giggle (giggling) - risa tonta

take in turns - por turnos

to chat / chatted (chat to sb)
to chat up - flirt (chat up sb)

try out - probar

to be pleased . estar encantado

raise / raised - elevar, alzar (with object: He raised his hand)
rise / rose / risen - subir (w/o object: Prices rise)

fellow - compañero, miembro, tio, socio ... muy general

envy /envi/ ~ to be jealous

to match - to pair up

to carry out - llevar a cabo

I was tired by then - para entonces

to swerve / skid - derrapar

to report a crime - denunciar
to sued sb (for libel) - denunciar (por difamación)

to tell sb off - regañar
to reprimanded sb - regañar
to scolded sb - regañar


to gossip - cotillear (they gossip a lot)
the are nosey / nosy / people - cotillas (que meten las narices)

addicted to = hooked on

to charge - cobrar (dinero)

I used to PLAY (past)
I'm used to PLAYING (present)

adjectives

* adjectives are always singular

proper - correcto, aceptable, adecuado

hot (adj)
the heat (noun)

loose - suelto

adventurous - aventurero

afraid, scared, frightened

swiss - suizo

futile - fútil (inútil)

swamped = flooded

scarce - escaso

wasteful - derrochador, malgastador

pricey - expensive

cunning - astuto

pageantry - majestuosidad (pompa)

thorough - exhaustivo, minucioso

chubby - rechoncho, regordete

vain / conceited / cocky [US] - presumido

bright - smart / intelligent

he is well - se encuentra bien
he is unwell - no se encuentra bien

egotistical - ególatra   (RAE: Culto, adoración, amor excesivo de sí mismo)
selfish - egoísta

prospective - possible
(prospective partner)

deafening - ensorcedecodr

frenzied / frantic - frenético

confidence - confianza

the spare copies - las que sobran
the missing copies - las que faltan

"I'm Yours" by Jason Mraz

Well, you dawned on me and you bet I felt it
I tried to be chill but you're so hot that I melted
I fell right through the cracks
Now I'm trying to get back

Before the cool dawn run out
I'll be giving it my bestest
And nothing's gonna stop me but divine intervention.
I reckon, it's again my turn
To win some or learn some.

But I won't hesitate
No more, no more.
It cannot wait,
I'm yours.

Well, open up your mind and see like me,
Open up your plans and damn you're free.
Look into your heart and you'll find love, love, love, love.
Listen to the music of the moment, people dance and sing, we're just one big family
And it's our God-forsaken right to be loved, loved, loved, loved, loved

So I won't hesitate
No more, no more.
It cannot wait,
I'm sure.
There's no need to complicate.
Our time is short.
This is our fate,
I'm yours.

Do you want to come on, scootch on over closer, dear
And I will nibble your ear

I've been spending way too long checking my tongue in the mirror
And bending over backwards just to try to see it clearer
But my breath fogged up the glass
And so I drew a new face and I laughed.

I guess what I'll be saying is there ain't no better reason
To rid yourself of vanities and just go with the seasons.
It's what we aim to do.
Our name is our virtue.

But I won't hesitate
No more, no more.
It cannot wait,
I'm yours.

Well, open up your mind and see like me,
Open up your plans and damn you're free.
Look into your heart and you'll find that the sky is yours.
So please don't, please don't, please don't...
There's no need to complicate.
'Cause our time is short.
This oh, this oh, this is our fate.
I'm yours.

Oh, I'm yours
Oh, I'm yours
Oh, oh,
Baby, do you believe, I'm yours?
You best believe, you best believe, I'm yours.

"When you say nothing at all" by Ronan Keating

It's amazing how you
Can speak right to my heart.
Without saying a word
You can light up the dark.

Try as I may, I could never explain
What I hear when you don't say a thing.

[Chorus:]
The smile on your face
Lets me know that you need me.
There's a truth in your eyes
Saying you'll never leave me.
The touch of your hand says you'll catch me wherever I fall.
You say it best when you say nothing at all.

All day long I can hear
People talking out loud (oooh).
But when you hold me near (you hold me near)
You drown out the crowd (the crowd, the crowd).

Try as they may, they can never define
What's been said between your heart and mine.

[Chorus:]
The smile on your face
Lets me know that you need me.
There's a truth in your eyes
Saying you'll never leave me.
The touch of your hand says you'll catch me wherever I fall.
You say it best (you say it best) when you say nothing at all.

[Chorus:]
The smile on your face
Lets me know that you need me.
There's a truth in your eyes
Saying you'll never leave me.
The touch of your hand says you'll catch me wherever I fall.
You say it best (you say it best) when you say nothing at all.

(You say it best when you say nothing at all.
You say it best when you say nothing at all.)

That smile on your face,
[Album version:] The truth in your eyes,
[Live version:] The look in your eyes,
The touch of your hand
Lets me know that you need me.

(You say it best when you say nothing at all.
You say it best when you say nothing at all.)

[Live version additional ending:]
The smile on your face,
The look in your eyes,
The touch of your hand
Lets me know that you need me.

"I'd do anything" by Simple Plan

Another day is going by
I'm thinking about you all the time
But you're out there
And I'm here waiting

And I wrote this letter in my head
Cuz so many things were left unsaid
But now you're gone
And I can't think straight

This could be the one last chance
To make you understand

I'd do anything
Just to hold you in my arms
To try to make you laugh
Cuz somehow I can't put you in the past
I'd do anything
Just to fall asleep with you
Will you remember me?
Cuz I know
I won't forget you

Together we broke all the rules
Dreaming of dropping out of school
And leave this place
To never come back

So now maybe after all these years
If you miss me have no fear
I'll be here
I'll be waiting

This could be the one last chance to make you understand
And I just can't let you leave me once again

I'd do anything
Just to hold you in my arms
To try to make you laugh
Cuz somehow I can't put you in the past
I'd do anything
Just to fall asleep with you
Will you remember me?
Cuz I know
I won't forget you

I close my eyes
And all I see is you
I close my eyes
I try to sleep
I can't forget you
Nanana (....)
And I'd do anything for you
Nanana (....)

I'd do anything
Just to hold you in my arms
To try to make you laugh
Cuz somehow I can't put you in the past
I'd do anything
Just to fall asleep with you
Will you remember me?
Cuz I know
I won't forget you

I'd do anything
To fall asleep with you
I'd do anything
There's nothing I won't do
I'd do anything
To fall asleep with you
I'd do anything
Cuz I know
I won't forget you

Modals: The Modal Perfect

No obligation
needn't have

Advice
should have
ought to have

Ability
could have

Possibility
could have

Deduction
must have
may have
might have
can't have

Make, Allow, Let

Obligation

make + obj + inf
My parents make my clean my room.

Permission

let + obj + inf
He lets me read the letter.

allow + obj + to inf
Our Maths theacher allows us to make questions.

be allowed + to inf
Children are allowed to make questions.

Prohibition

not let + obj + inf
They don't let me leave until five o'clock.

not allow + obj + to inf
not be allowed + to inf
The don't allow dogs to come.
We were not allowed to ask.

Modals

Modals
can, be able to, could, may, might, must, have to, need to, don't have to, should, ought to, had better, will, shall, needn't

Synonyms
manage to (ability)
be allowed to / allow to (permission)

Characteristics
- 3rd person singular without -s
- after a modal: infinitive without to
- questions without do
- no -ing (no progressive form)
- they don't have all the tenses
    can: only present
    could: only past, conditional
    must: only present
    have to: present, past, future

Obligation
Present: have to, must, need to
Past: had to, needed to

No obligation
Present: don't have to, don't need to, needn't
Past: didn't have to, didn't need to

Permission
can, may, could, be allowed to / allow to
(formal: may, could)

Advice
should, ought to, had better

Ability
can, could, be able to, manage to

Possibility
can, could, be able to

Deduction
must, may, might, can't
(nowadays synonyms: may, might)

Prohibition
musstn't, not allow to / not be allowed to

Suggestions and offers
shall

Requests
will, can, could


be able to forms
Present: I am able to ...
Past: I was able to ...
Future: I'll be able to ...
Present Perfect: I have been able to ...
Infinitive: I'd like to be able to ...
Gerund: I love being able to ...
Going to: I'm going to be able to ...

Adjectives: after verbs / word order

-ing / -ed

-ing : cómo es una persona o cosa (ser)
-ed : cómo se siente una persona (estar)

I'm bored (I feel bored)

The film is boring
He is a boring person

Adjectives Order

rules: ODACOM / ODSACOM

Opinion : beautiful, nice, ugly
Dimension : big, small, long, fat, thin, round, square
Size/Length : big, small / long
Width/Shape : fat, thin / round, square
Age : old, young, modern, new
Color : blue, yellow, red, sunny
Origin : African, French, Italian
Material : plastic, metal, iron, glass, wooden, woolen, golden

2 colors: blue and yellow

IE
a beautiful big old blue African metal table

Connectors

Contrast

However
Yet
Although
Through
Even though
In spite of
Despite
But




Apart from this...

prefixes

un-
in-
im-
ir-
il-
dis-
non-

 mis-

over-

under-

co-

re-

pre-

post-

super-

inter-

anti-

pro-


CLUES

p... : im-
l... : il-
r... : ir-

Adjectives: Comparative / Superlative

Comparative

1 syllable
-er : older, cheaper, nicer, slower
CVC double de consonant : bigger, hotter

2,3,4 syllables
more / less : more expensive, less interesting

-y   (1,2,3,4 syllables)
-ier : easier, heavier, happier, scarier

irregular
good : better / bad : worse / far : further

Superlative

1 syllable
the -est : the oldest, the cheapest, the nicest, the biggest

2,3,4 syllables
the most / the least : the most expensive, the less interesting

-y   (1,2,3,4 syllables)
the -iest : the happiest, the easiest, the heaviest

irregular
the best / the worst / the farthest, the furthest

Comparison with adverbs

more / less : more slowly

Comparison with as..as

as big as
not as good as
the same .. as

Modifiers

a bit : un poco
a lot, much : mucho

Your T-shirt is expensive
Your T-shirt is more expensive
Your T-shirt is a bit more expensive
Your T-shirt is a lot more expensive
Your T-shirt is much more expensive

Present Perfect Simple / Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Simple

USE
- past action continues to the present
- completed past action still important in the present

IE
[+] He has visited his uncle
[-] He hasn't visited my his uncle
[?] Has he visited his uncle?

COMMON WORDS
- since, for
- already, yet, ever, just
- How long ... ?

Present Perfect Simple (2)

USE
- result of an action
- how many times an action happens
COMMON WORDS
- How many ... ?  ( result )

Present Perfect Continuous

USE
- process and duration of an action
- an action has either finished very recently or is incomplete
   (if you can see the effects of the recent action)

IE
[+] He has been writing a letter
[-] He hasn't been writing a letter
[?] Has he been writing a letter?

COMMON WORDS
- How long ... ?   ( action ) (hasta ahora, y todavía continúo)
- waiting for

Both / Neither / Either

both [+]
They both have red hair
Both the mother and the son have red hair
Both of them have red hair

neither [-]
Neither the father nor the son wears glasses
Neither of them wears glasses

either [+]
They look either Spanish or Mexican
either [-]
She doesn't really look like either her mother or her father

Reflexive pronouns

Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

USE
- the verb object is the same as the subject [1]
- emphasis [2]
- alone (by + pronoun) [3]

IE
[1] I cut myself
[2] he built the house himself (with no help)
[3] I live by myself

Enjoy

USE
- enjoy needs a reflexive pronoun or another object

IE
We enjouyd ourselves
We enjoyed the film
We enjoyed

Each other

USE
- A does an action to B and B does the same action to A

IE
They phone each other
They love each other

Future

Present Continuous

USE
- Future plans

IE
I'm having dinner with some friends this evening
I'm going to have dinner with some friends this evening

Going to

USE
- Future plans [1]
- Future result from evidence [2]

IE
[1] I'm going to the party tonight
[2] Look at that child. She's going to fall!

Will

USE
- Predictions (w/o evidence) [1]
- Spontaneous decisions [2]
- Promises [3]
- Offers [4]
- 1st conditional [5]
- Clauses of time
- Facts [7]


IE
[1] I think Ruth will pass her exams without much difficulty
[2] Todays is Ann's birthday. I'll phone her now
[3] I won't do it again
[4] I'm thirsty / I'll get you a drink from that bar
[5] If it is nice we will go out for a walk
[6]When I see John I will tell him you've been here
[7] In the year 2020 there won't be enough food for everybody

Past Perfect

Past Perfect

USE
- past action before another past action [1]
- before a specific time in the past [2]

IE
[+] He had painted the room..
[-] I had not painted the room..
[?] Had I painted the room.. ?

[1] After he had done the homework he watched TV
[1] I had painted the room when she came in
[2] Yesterday by 9 o'clock I had finished my homework

COMMON WORDS
- by, by the time, before, after, just, when

COMPARISON

Present Simple - Present Perfect
IE: Her sister is not at home now. She has gone to school

Past Simple - Past Perfect
Her sister was not at home yesterday. She had gone to school

Past Simple / Past Continuous

Past Simple

USE
- a complet action in the past

IE
[+] He watched TV yesterday
[-] He didn't watch TV yesterday
[?] Did he watch TV yesterday?

COMMON WORDS
- yesterday, ago, last

Past Continuous

USE
- past action interrupted [1]
- actions happening at the same time [2]
- to show what was happening at a specific moment in the past [3]

IE
[+] He was watching TV
[-] He wasn't watching TV
[?] Was he watching TV?

[1] I was reading a book when the telephone rang
[2] While Peter was playing footall, Jane was playing basketball
[3] I was listening to music at 7 o'clock

COMMON WORDS
- while, as
- specific time

Present Simple / Present Continuous

Present Simple

USE
- regular habits
- always true
- stative verbs

IE
[+] He plays
[-] He doesn't play
[?] Does he play?

COMMON WORDS
- adverbs of frequency

Present Continuous

USE
- things that are happening now
- future arrangements

IE
[+] He is playing
[-] He is not playing
[?] Is he playing?

So do I / Neither do I / Me too / Me neither

General verbs

Present [+]: I like playing
[agree] So do I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I don't

Present [-]: I don't like playing
[agree] Neither do I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I do

Past [+]: I liked playing
[agree] So did I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I didn't

Past [-]: I didn't like playing
[agree] Neither did I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I did

Model verbs

Present [+]: I am hungry
[agree] So am I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I am not

Present [-]: I am not hungry
[agree] Neither am I / Ne neither
[disagree] Oh, I am

Past [+]: I was hungry
[agree] So was I / Me Too
[disagree] Oh, I was not

Past [-]: I was not hungry
[agree] Neither was I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I was

Present [+]: I have got a dog
[agree] So have I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I haven't

Present [-]: I have got a dog
[agree] Neither have I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I have

Present [+]: I can play the guitar
[agree] So can I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I can't

Present [-]: I can't play the guitar
[agree] Neither can I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I can

Stative Verbs

Stative verbs

- only go in the present simple form (NO continuous)

love, like, enjoy, hate, prefer, want
think, remember, doubt, understand, know, believe
own
appear, be, belong to
have (possesion)
included, need
see, seem, taste
agree, depend, hear, matter, mean, need, realize, suppose, recognize, contain, forget

Stative and dynamic verbs

- with a different meaning

be, have, feel, love, see, smell, think

IE
I have a car (state verb)
I'm having a good time (dynamic verb)

I think Sarah is not telling the truth (state verb)
I'm thiking (considering) of going on holiday (dynamic verb)