No obligation
needn't have
Advice
should have
ought to have
Ability
could have
Possibility
could have
Deduction
must have
may have
might have
can't have
Showing posts with label grammar. Show all posts
Showing posts with label grammar. Show all posts
Make, Allow, Let
Obligation
make + obj + inf
My parents make my clean my room.
Permission
let + obj + inf
He lets me read the letter.
allow + obj + to inf
Our Maths theacher allows us to make questions.
be allowed + to inf
Children are allowed to make questions.
Prohibition
not let + obj + inf
They don't let me leave until five o'clock.
not allow + obj + to inf
not be allowed + to inf
The don't allow dogs to come.
We were not allowed to ask.
make + obj + inf
My parents make my clean my room.
Permission
let + obj + inf
He lets me read the letter.
allow + obj + to inf
Our Maths theacher allows us to make questions.
be allowed + to inf
Children are allowed to make questions.
Prohibition
not let + obj + inf
They don't let me leave until five o'clock.
not allow + obj + to inf
not be allowed + to inf
The don't allow dogs to come.
We were not allowed to ask.
Modals
Modals
can, be able to, could, may, might, must, have to, need to, don't have to, should, ought to, had better, will, shall, needn't
Synonyms
manage to (ability)
be allowed to / allow to (permission)
Characteristics
- 3rd person singular without -s
- after a modal: infinitive without to
- questions without do
- no -ing (no progressive form)
- they don't have all the tenses
can: only present
could: only past, conditional
must: only present
have to: present, past, future
Obligation
Present: have to, must, need to
Past: had to, needed to
No obligation
Present: don't have to, don't need to, needn't
Past: didn't have to, didn't need to
Permission
can, may, could, be allowed to / allow to
(formal: may, could)
Advice
should, ought to, had better
Ability
can, could, be able to, manage to
Possibility
can, could, be able to
Deduction
must, may, might, can't
(nowadays synonyms: may, might)
Prohibition
musstn't, not allow to / not be allowed to
Suggestions and offers
shall
Requests
will, can, could
be able to forms
Present: I am able to ...
Past: I was able to ...
Future: I'll be able to ...
Present Perfect: I have been able to ...
Infinitive: I'd like to be able to ...
Gerund: I love being able to ...
Going to: I'm going to be able to ...
can, be able to, could, may, might, must, have to, need to, don't have to, should, ought to, had better, will, shall, needn't
Synonyms
manage to (ability)
be allowed to / allow to (permission)
Characteristics
- 3rd person singular without -s
- after a modal: infinitive without to
- questions without do
- no -ing (no progressive form)
- they don't have all the tenses
can: only present
could: only past, conditional
must: only present
have to: present, past, future
Obligation
Present: have to, must, need to
Past: had to, needed to
No obligation
Present: don't have to, don't need to, needn't
Past: didn't have to, didn't need to
Permission
can, may, could, be allowed to / allow to
(formal: may, could)
Advice
should, ought to, had better
Ability
can, could, be able to, manage to
Possibility
can, could, be able to
Deduction
must, may, might, can't
(nowadays synonyms: may, might)
Prohibition
musstn't, not allow to / not be allowed to
Suggestions and offers
shall
Requests
will, can, could
be able to forms
Present: I am able to ...
Past: I was able to ...
Future: I'll be able to ...
Present Perfect: I have been able to ...
Infinitive: I'd like to be able to ...
Gerund: I love being able to ...
Going to: I'm going to be able to ...
Adjectives: after verbs / word order
-ing / -ed
-ing : cómo es una persona o cosa (ser)
-ed : cómo se siente una persona (estar)
I'm bored (I feel bored)
The film is boring
He is a boring person
Adjectives Order
rules: ODACOM / ODSACOM
Opinion : beautiful, nice, ugly
Dimension : big, small, long, fat, thin, round, square
Size/Length : big, small / long
Width/Shape : fat, thin / round, square
Age : old, young, modern, new
Color : blue, yellow, red, sunny
Origin : African, French, Italian
Material : plastic, metal, iron, glass, wooden, woolen, golden
2 colors: blue and yellow
IE
a beautiful big old blue African metal table
-ing : cómo es una persona o cosa (ser)
-ed : cómo se siente una persona (estar)
I'm bored (I feel bored)
The film is boring
He is a boring person
Adjectives Order
rules: ODACOM / ODSACOM
Opinion : beautiful, nice, ugly
Dimension : big, small, long, fat, thin, round, square
Size/Length : big, small / long
Width/Shape : fat, thin / round, square
Age : old, young, modern, new
Color : blue, yellow, red, sunny
Origin : African, French, Italian
Material : plastic, metal, iron, glass, wooden, woolen, golden
2 colors: blue and yellow
IE
a beautiful big old blue African metal table
Adjectives: Comparative / Superlative
Comparative
1 syllable
-er : older, cheaper, nicer, slower
CVC double de consonant : bigger, hotter
2,3,4 syllables
more / less : more expensive, less interesting
-y (1,2,3,4 syllables)
-ier : easier, heavier, happier, scarier
irregular
good : better / bad : worse / far : further
Superlative
1 syllable
the -est : the oldest, the cheapest, the nicest, the biggest
2,3,4 syllables
the most / the least : the most expensive, the less interesting
-y (1,2,3,4 syllables)
the -iest : the happiest, the easiest, the heaviest
irregular
the best / the worst / the farthest, the furthest
Comparison with adverbs
more / less : more slowly
Comparison with as..as
as big as
not as good as
the same .. as
Modifiers
a bit : un poco
a lot, much : mucho
Your T-shirt is expensive
Your T-shirt is more expensive
Your T-shirt is a bit more expensive
Your T-shirt is a lot more expensive
Your T-shirt is much more expensive
1 syllable
-er : older, cheaper, nicer, slower
CVC double de consonant : bigger, hotter
2,3,4 syllables
more / less : more expensive, less interesting
-y (1,2,3,4 syllables)
-ier : easier, heavier, happier, scarier
irregular
good : better / bad : worse / far : further
Superlative
1 syllable
the -est : the oldest, the cheapest, the nicest, the biggest
2,3,4 syllables
the most / the least : the most expensive, the less interesting
-y (1,2,3,4 syllables)
the -iest : the happiest, the easiest, the heaviest
irregular
the best / the worst / the farthest, the furthest
Comparison with adverbs
more / less : more slowly
Comparison with as..as
as big as
not as good as
the same .. as
Modifiers
a bit : un poco
a lot, much : mucho
Your T-shirt is expensive
Your T-shirt is more expensive
Your T-shirt is a bit more expensive
Your T-shirt is a lot more expensive
Your T-shirt is much more expensive
Present Perfect Simple / Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Simple
USE
- past action continues to the present
- completed past action still important in the present
IE
[+] He has visited his uncle
[-] He hasn't visited my his uncle
[?] Has he visited his uncle?
COMMON WORDS
- since, for
- already, yet, ever, just
- How long ... ?
Present Perfect Simple (2)
USE
- result of an action
- how many times an action happens
COMMON WORDS
- How many ... ? ( result )
Present Perfect Continuous
USE
- process and duration of an action
- an action has either finished very recently or is incomplete
(if you can see the effects of the recent action)
IE
[+] He has been writing a letter
[-] He hasn't been writing a letter
[?] Has he been writing a letter?
COMMON WORDS
- How long ... ? ( action ) (hasta ahora, y todavía continúo)
- waiting for
USE
- past action continues to the present
- completed past action still important in the present
IE
[+] He has visited his uncle
[-] He hasn't visited my his uncle
[?] Has he visited his uncle?
COMMON WORDS
- since, for
- already, yet, ever, just
- How long ... ?
Present Perfect Simple (2)
USE
- result of an action
- how many times an action happens
COMMON WORDS
- How many ... ? ( result )
Present Perfect Continuous
USE
- process and duration of an action
- an action has either finished very recently or is incomplete
(if you can see the effects of the recent action)
IE
[+] He has been writing a letter
[-] He hasn't been writing a letter
[?] Has he been writing a letter?
COMMON WORDS
- How long ... ? ( action ) (hasta ahora, y todavía continúo)
- waiting for
Both / Neither / Either
both [+]
They both have red hair
Both the mother and the son have red hair
Both of them have red hair
neither [-]
Neither the father nor the son wears glasses
Neither of them wears glasses
either [+]
They look either Spanish or Mexican
either [-]
She doesn't really look like either her mother or her father
They both have red hair
Both the mother and the son have red hair
Both of them have red hair
neither [-]
Neither the father nor the son wears glasses
Neither of them wears glasses
either [+]
They look either Spanish or Mexican
either [-]
She doesn't really look like either her mother or her father
Reflexive pronouns
Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
USE
- the verb object is the same as the subject [1]
- emphasis [2]
- alone (by + pronoun) [3]
IE
[1] I cut myself
[2] he built the house himself (with no help)
[3] I live by myself
Enjoy
USE
- enjoy needs a reflexive pronoun or another object
IE
We enjouyd ourselves
We enjoyed the film
Each other
USE
- A does an action to B and B does the same action to A
IE
They phone each other
They love each other
Future
Present Continuous
USE
- Future plans
IE
I'm having dinner with some friends this evening
I'm going to have dinner with some friends this evening
Going to
USE
- Future plans [1]
- Future result from evidence [2]
IE
[1] I'm going to the party tonight
[2] Look at that child. She's going to fall!
Will
USE
- Predictions (w/o evidence) [1]
- Spontaneous decisions [2]
- Promises [3]
- Offers [4]
- 1st conditional [5]
- Clauses of time
- Facts [7]
IE
[1] I think Ruth will pass her exams without much difficulty
[2] Todays is Ann's birthday. I'll phone her now
[3] I won't do it again
[4] I'm thirsty / I'll get you a drink from that bar
[5] If it is nice we will go out for a walk
[6]When I see John I will tell him you've been here
[7] In the year 2020 there won't be enough food for everybody
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
USE
- past action before another past action [1]
- before a specific time in the past [2]
IE
[+] He had painted the room..
[-] I had not painted the room..
[?] Had I painted the room.. ?
[1] After he had done the homework he watched TV
[1] I had painted the room when she came in
[2] Yesterday by 9 o'clock I had finished my homework
COMMON WORDS
- by, by the time, before, after, just, when
COMPARISON
Present Simple - Present Perfect
IE: Her sister is not at home now. She has gone to school
Past Simple - Past Perfect
Her sister was not at home yesterday. She had gone to school
USE
- past action before another past action [1]
- before a specific time in the past [2]
IE
[+] He had painted the room..
[-] I had not painted the room..
[?] Had I painted the room.. ?
[1] After he had done the homework he watched TV
[1] I had painted the room when she came in
[2] Yesterday by 9 o'clock I had finished my homework
COMMON WORDS
- by, by the time, before, after, just, when
COMPARISON
Present Simple - Present Perfect
IE: Her sister is not at home now. She has gone to school
Past Simple - Past Perfect
Her sister was not at home yesterday. She had gone to school
Past Simple / Past Continuous
Past Simple
USE
- a complet action in the past
IE
[+] He watched TV yesterday
[-] He didn't watch TV yesterday
[?] Did he watch TV yesterday?
COMMON WORDS
- yesterday, ago, last
Past Continuous
USE
- past action interrupted [1]
- actions happening at the same time [2]
- to show what was happening at a specific moment in the past [3]
IE
[+] He was watching TV
[-] He wasn't watching TV
[?] Was he watching TV?
[1] I was reading a book when the telephone rang
[2] While Peter was playing footall, Jane was playing basketball
[3] I was listening to music at 7 o'clock
COMMON WORDS
- while, as
- specific time
USE
- a complet action in the past
IE
[+] He watched TV yesterday
[-] He didn't watch TV yesterday
[?] Did he watch TV yesterday?
COMMON WORDS
- yesterday, ago, last
Past Continuous
USE
- past action interrupted [1]
- actions happening at the same time [2]
- to show what was happening at a specific moment in the past [3]
IE
[+] He was watching TV
[-] He wasn't watching TV
[?] Was he watching TV?
[1] I was reading a book when the telephone rang
[2] While Peter was playing footall, Jane was playing basketball
[3] I was listening to music at 7 o'clock
COMMON WORDS
- while, as
- specific time
Present Simple / Present Continuous
Present Simple
USE
- regular habits
- always true
- stative verbs
IE
[+] He plays
[-] He doesn't play
[?] Does he play?
COMMON WORDS
- adverbs of frequency
Present Continuous
USE
- things that are happening now
- future arrangements
IE
[+] He is playing
[-] He is not playing
[?] Is he playing?
USE
- regular habits
- always true
- stative verbs
IE
[+] He plays
[-] He doesn't play
[?] Does he play?
COMMON WORDS
- adverbs of frequency
Present Continuous
USE
- things that are happening now
- future arrangements
IE
[+] He is playing
[-] He is not playing
[?] Is he playing?
So do I / Neither do I / Me too / Me neither
General verbs
Present [+]: I like playing
[agree] So do I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I don't
Present [-]: I don't like playing
[agree] Neither do I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I do
Past [+]: I liked playing
[agree] So did I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I didn't
Past [-]: I didn't like playing
[agree] Neither did I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I did
Model verbs
Present [+]: I am hungry
[agree] So am I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I am not
Present [-]: I am not hungry
[agree] Neither am I / Ne neither
[disagree] Oh, I am
Past [+]: I was hungry
[agree] So was I / Me Too
[disagree] Oh, I was not
Past [-]: I was not hungry
[agree] Neither was I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I was
Present [+]: I have got a dog
[agree] So have I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I haven't
Present [-]: I have got a dog
[agree] Neither have I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I have
Present [+]: I can play the guitar
[agree] So can I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I can't
Present [-]: I can't play the guitar
[agree] Neither can I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I can
Present [+]: I like playing
[agree] So do I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I don't
Present [-]: I don't like playing
[agree] Neither do I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I do
Past [+]: I liked playing
[agree] So did I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I didn't
Past [-]: I didn't like playing
[agree] Neither did I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I did
Model verbs
Present [+]: I am hungry
[agree] So am I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I am not
Present [-]: I am not hungry
[agree] Neither am I / Ne neither
[disagree] Oh, I am
Past [+]: I was hungry
[agree] So was I / Me Too
[disagree] Oh, I was not
Past [-]: I was not hungry
[agree] Neither was I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I was
Present [+]: I have got a dog
[agree] So have I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I haven't
Present [-]: I have got a dog
[agree] Neither have I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I have
Present [+]: I can play the guitar
[agree] So can I / Me too
[disagree] Oh, I can't
Present [-]: I can't play the guitar
[agree] Neither can I / Me neither
[disagree] Oh, I can
Stative Verbs
Stative verbs
- only go in the present simple form (NO continuous)
love, like, enjoy, hate, prefer, want
think, remember, doubt, understand, know, believe
own
appear, be, belong to
have (possesion)
included, need
see, seem, taste
agree, depend, hear, matter, mean, need, realize, suppose, recognize, contain, forget
Stative and dynamic verbs
- with a different meaning
be, have, feel, love, see, smell, think
IE
I have a car (state verb)
I'm having a good time (dynamic verb)
I think Sarah is not telling the truth (state verb)
I'm thiking (considering) of going on holiday (dynamic verb)
- only go in the present simple form (NO continuous)
love, like, enjoy, hate, prefer, want
think, remember, doubt, understand, know, believe
own
appear, be, belong to
have (possesion)
included, need
see, seem, taste
agree, depend, hear, matter, mean, need, realize, suppose, recognize, contain, forget
Stative and dynamic verbs
- with a different meaning
be, have, feel, love, see, smell, think
IE
I have a car (state verb)
I'm having a good time (dynamic verb)
I think Sarah is not telling the truth (state verb)
I'm thiking (considering) of going on holiday (dynamic verb)
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