No obligation
needn't have
Advice
should have
ought to have
Ability
could have
Possibility
could have
Deduction
must have
may have
might have
can't have
Make, Allow, Let
Obligation
make + obj + inf
My parents make my clean my room.
Permission
let + obj + inf
He lets me read the letter.
allow + obj + to inf
Our Maths theacher allows us to make questions.
be allowed + to inf
Children are allowed to make questions.
Prohibition
not let + obj + inf
They don't let me leave until five o'clock.
not allow + obj + to inf
not be allowed + to inf
The don't allow dogs to come.
We were not allowed to ask.
make + obj + inf
My parents make my clean my room.
Permission
let + obj + inf
He lets me read the letter.
allow + obj + to inf
Our Maths theacher allows us to make questions.
be allowed + to inf
Children are allowed to make questions.
Prohibition
not let + obj + inf
They don't let me leave until five o'clock.
not allow + obj + to inf
not be allowed + to inf
The don't allow dogs to come.
We were not allowed to ask.
Modals
Modals
can, be able to, could, may, might, must, have to, need to, don't have to, should, ought to, had better, will, shall, needn't
Synonyms
manage to (ability)
be allowed to / allow to (permission)
Characteristics
- 3rd person singular without -s
- after a modal: infinitive without to
- questions without do
- no -ing (no progressive form)
- they don't have all the tenses
can: only present
could: only past, conditional
must: only present
have to: present, past, future
Obligation
Present: have to, must, need to
Past: had to, needed to
No obligation
Present: don't have to, don't need to, needn't
Past: didn't have to, didn't need to
Permission
can, may, could, be allowed to / allow to
(formal: may, could)
Advice
should, ought to, had better
Ability
can, could, be able to, manage to
Possibility
can, could, be able to
Deduction
must, may, might, can't
(nowadays synonyms: may, might)
Prohibition
musstn't, not allow to / not be allowed to
Suggestions and offers
shall
Requests
will, can, could
be able to forms
Present: I am able to ...
Past: I was able to ...
Future: I'll be able to ...
Present Perfect: I have been able to ...
Infinitive: I'd like to be able to ...
Gerund: I love being able to ...
Going to: I'm going to be able to ...
can, be able to, could, may, might, must, have to, need to, don't have to, should, ought to, had better, will, shall, needn't
Synonyms
manage to (ability)
be allowed to / allow to (permission)
Characteristics
- 3rd person singular without -s
- after a modal: infinitive without to
- questions without do
- no -ing (no progressive form)
- they don't have all the tenses
can: only present
could: only past, conditional
must: only present
have to: present, past, future
Obligation
Present: have to, must, need to
Past: had to, needed to
No obligation
Present: don't have to, don't need to, needn't
Past: didn't have to, didn't need to
Permission
can, may, could, be allowed to / allow to
(formal: may, could)
Advice
should, ought to, had better
Ability
can, could, be able to, manage to
Possibility
can, could, be able to
Deduction
must, may, might, can't
(nowadays synonyms: may, might)
Prohibition
musstn't, not allow to / not be allowed to
Suggestions and offers
shall
Requests
will, can, could
be able to forms
Present: I am able to ...
Past: I was able to ...
Future: I'll be able to ...
Present Perfect: I have been able to ...
Infinitive: I'd like to be able to ...
Gerund: I love being able to ...
Going to: I'm going to be able to ...
Adjectives: after verbs / word order
-ing / -ed
-ing : cómo es una persona o cosa (ser)
-ed : cómo se siente una persona (estar)
I'm bored (I feel bored)
The film is boring
He is a boring person
Adjectives Order
rules: ODACOM / ODSACOM
Opinion : beautiful, nice, ugly
Dimension : big, small, long, fat, thin, round, square
Size/Length : big, small / long
Width/Shape : fat, thin / round, square
Age : old, young, modern, new
Color : blue, yellow, red, sunny
Origin : African, French, Italian
Material : plastic, metal, iron, glass, wooden, woolen, golden
2 colors: blue and yellow
IE
a beautiful big old blue African metal table
-ing : cómo es una persona o cosa (ser)
-ed : cómo se siente una persona (estar)
I'm bored (I feel bored)
The film is boring
He is a boring person
Adjectives Order
rules: ODACOM / ODSACOM
Opinion : beautiful, nice, ugly
Dimension : big, small, long, fat, thin, round, square
Size/Length : big, small / long
Width/Shape : fat, thin / round, square
Age : old, young, modern, new
Color : blue, yellow, red, sunny
Origin : African, French, Italian
Material : plastic, metal, iron, glass, wooden, woolen, golden
2 colors: blue and yellow
IE
a beautiful big old blue African metal table
Connectors
Contrast
However
Yet
Although
Through
Even though
In spite of
Despite
But
Apart from this...
However
Yet
Although
Through
Even though
In spite of
Despite
But
Apart from this...
prefixes
un-
in-
im-
ir-
il-
dis-
non-
mis-
over-
under-
co-
re-
pre-
post-
super-
inter-
anti-
pro-
CLUES
p... : im-
l... : il-
r... : ir-
in-
im-
ir-
il-
dis-
non-
mis-
over-
under-
co-
re-
pre-
post-
super-
inter-
anti-
pro-
CLUES
p... : im-
l... : il-
r... : ir-
Adjectives: Comparative / Superlative
Comparative
1 syllable
-er : older, cheaper, nicer, slower
CVC double de consonant : bigger, hotter
2,3,4 syllables
more / less : more expensive, less interesting
-y (1,2,3,4 syllables)
-ier : easier, heavier, happier, scarier
irregular
good : better / bad : worse / far : further
Superlative
1 syllable
the -est : the oldest, the cheapest, the nicest, the biggest
2,3,4 syllables
the most / the least : the most expensive, the less interesting
-y (1,2,3,4 syllables)
the -iest : the happiest, the easiest, the heaviest
irregular
the best / the worst / the farthest, the furthest
Comparison with adverbs
more / less : more slowly
Comparison with as..as
as big as
not as good as
the same .. as
Modifiers
a bit : un poco
a lot, much : mucho
Your T-shirt is expensive
Your T-shirt is more expensive
Your T-shirt is a bit more expensive
Your T-shirt is a lot more expensive
Your T-shirt is much more expensive
1 syllable
-er : older, cheaper, nicer, slower
CVC double de consonant : bigger, hotter
2,3,4 syllables
more / less : more expensive, less interesting
-y (1,2,3,4 syllables)
-ier : easier, heavier, happier, scarier
irregular
good : better / bad : worse / far : further
Superlative
1 syllable
the -est : the oldest, the cheapest, the nicest, the biggest
2,3,4 syllables
the most / the least : the most expensive, the less interesting
-y (1,2,3,4 syllables)
the -iest : the happiest, the easiest, the heaviest
irregular
the best / the worst / the farthest, the furthest
Comparison with adverbs
more / less : more slowly
Comparison with as..as
as big as
not as good as
the same .. as
Modifiers
a bit : un poco
a lot, much : mucho
Your T-shirt is expensive
Your T-shirt is more expensive
Your T-shirt is a bit more expensive
Your T-shirt is a lot more expensive
Your T-shirt is much more expensive
Present Perfect Simple / Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Simple
USE
- past action continues to the present
- completed past action still important in the present
IE
[+] He has visited his uncle
[-] He hasn't visited my his uncle
[?] Has he visited his uncle?
COMMON WORDS
- since, for
- already, yet, ever, just
- How long ... ?
Present Perfect Simple (2)
USE
- result of an action
- how many times an action happens
COMMON WORDS
- How many ... ? ( result )
Present Perfect Continuous
USE
- process and duration of an action
- an action has either finished very recently or is incomplete
(if you can see the effects of the recent action)
IE
[+] He has been writing a letter
[-] He hasn't been writing a letter
[?] Has he been writing a letter?
COMMON WORDS
- How long ... ? ( action ) (hasta ahora, y todavía continúo)
- waiting for
USE
- past action continues to the present
- completed past action still important in the present
IE
[+] He has visited his uncle
[-] He hasn't visited my his uncle
[?] Has he visited his uncle?
COMMON WORDS
- since, for
- already, yet, ever, just
- How long ... ?
Present Perfect Simple (2)
USE
- result of an action
- how many times an action happens
COMMON WORDS
- How many ... ? ( result )
Present Perfect Continuous
USE
- process and duration of an action
- an action has either finished very recently or is incomplete
(if you can see the effects of the recent action)
IE
[+] He has been writing a letter
[-] He hasn't been writing a letter
[?] Has he been writing a letter?
COMMON WORDS
- How long ... ? ( action ) (hasta ahora, y todavía continúo)
- waiting for
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